All about hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

The thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism through hormone production. Thyroid disorders occur when this gland produces either too much or too little of these hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, respectively. 

Here, in this article below, distinguished diabetes, endocrinology, and general internal medicine consultant, Dr Dulmini Kariyawasam, tells us all about the different types of thyroid disorders. 

What is hyperthyroidism, and what are the symptoms?

Hyperthyroidism is characterised by an overactive thyroid that produces excessive hormones. Common causes include Graves' disease, toxic adenomas, and subacute thyroiditis.

Symptoms often include rapid weight loss, increased heart rate, anxiety, tremors, and excessive sweating. Patients may also experience difficulty sleeping and muscle weakness.

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests measuring levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid antibodies and Graves’ specific antibodies. Treatment options range from anti-thyroid medications, that  reduce hormone production, to radioactive iodine therapy, which destroys part of the thyroid gland. In some cases, surgical removal of the gland may be necessary.

What is hypothyroidism?

Hypothyroidism results from an underactive thyroid that does not produce sufficient hormones. The most common cause is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the thyroid.

Other causes include certain medications, iodine deficiency, and thyroid surgery. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, depression, cold intolerance, and slowed heart rate.

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed and managed?

Hypothyroidism is diagnosed through blood tests showing low levels of thyroid hormones and high levels of TSH. Treatment usually involves daily use of synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine, which normalizes hormone levels.

Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can significantly impact an individual's quality of life if left untreated. Regular monitoring and appropriate medical intervention are essential for managing these conditions. Lifestyle adjustments, such as a balanced diet rich in iodine and regular exercise, can also support thyroid health.

Early detection and treatment are crucial for preventing complications such as cardiovascular disease, infertility, and severe metabolic imbalances. Individuals experiencing symptoms of thyroid dysfunction should seek medical advice for proper diagnosis and management. With appropriate care, most people with thyroid disorders can lead healthy, active lives.

Understanding the nuances of thyroid disorders and their treatments helps demystify these common yet often misunderstood conditions, emphasizing the importance of thyroid health in overall well-being.