Trigger finger: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

Trigger finger, medically known as stenosing tenosynovitis, is a condition that affects the tendons in the fingers or thumb, causing pain, stiffness, and a locking sensation when bending or straightening the finger. It occurs when inflammation narrows the space within the tendon sheath, making it difficult for the tendon to glide smoothly. This condition commonly affects individuals whose hands are subject to repetitive movements or prolonged gripping, but it can also arise without a clear cause.

Causes

Trigger finger is primarily caused by irritation or inflammation of the flexor tendons, which allow the fingers to bend. Repetitive strain from activities like typing, gripping tools, or playing musical instruments can increase the risk of developing the condition.

Additionally, people with medical conditions such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout are more prone to trigger finger due to chronic inflammation. Hormonal changes, particularly in women, and age (typically 40-60 years) are also contributing factors.

Symptoms

The key symptoms of trigger finger include pain at the base of the affected finger or thumb, particularly when bending or straightening. A noticeable clicking or popping sound may occur during finger movement, often accompanied by a sensation of the finger “catching” or getting stuck in a bent position. In severe cases, the finger may lock entirely and require manual assistance to straighten. Morning stiffness is also a common complaint among individuals with trigger finger.

Treatment options

Treatment for trigger finger depends on the severity of the symptoms. In mild cases, rest, avoiding aggravating activities, and using splints to immobilise the finger may help reduce inflammation. Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen, can relieve pain and swelling. Steroid injections are often recommended to reduce inflammation within the tendon sheath and can provide significant relief for months.

For persistent or severe cases, surgical intervention may be required. Trigger finger release surgery is a quick, outpatient procedure where the surgeon enlarges the tendon sheath to restore smooth tendon movement.

Trigger finger can significantly affect hand function, but with appropriate treatment, most individuals experience complete recovery. Early diagnosis and management are key to preventing long-term discomfort and restoring hand mobility.