All you need to know about inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition that affects millions of people worldwide, yet it remains widely misunderstood. It refers to chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, which can lead to a range of symptoms and complications.

We speak to a leading consultant gastroenterologist who aims to provide clear and concise information about IBD, addressing common questions and concerns patients may have.

What is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

Inflammatory bowel disease, often abbreviated as IBD, is a term used to describe a group of chronic conditions that cause inflammation in the digestive tract. The most common types of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. While both involve inflammation, they affect different parts of the digestive system. Crohn's disease can impact any section of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus, often affecting deeper layers of the bowel wall. In contrast, ulcerative colitis specifically targets the inner lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

What are the symptoms of IBD?

The symptoms of IBD can differ significantly based on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhoea (which may be bloody), fatigue, weight loss, and a reduced appetite. Many patients also experience periods of remission, where symptoms significantly improve or disappear, followed by flare-ups when symptoms worsen. Other signs, such as fever or joint pain, may also occur. It's important to note that symptoms can overlap with other conditions, so a proper diagnosis by a medical professional is essential.

What causes IBD?

The exact cause of IBD is not yet known, but it is thought to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. In individuals with IBD, the immune system mistakenly targets the digestive tract lining, causing inflammation. Genetics may contribute, as the condition often occurs in families. Additionally, environmental factors like diet, smoking, and stress are believed to play a role in triggering or exacerbating the disease.

How is IBD diagnosed?

The process of diagnosing IBD usually combines a review of medical history, a physical examination, and various diagnostic tests. Blood tests can identify signs of inflammation or anaemia (a condition where you don’t have enough healthy red blood cells). Stool samples are often tested to rule out infections. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, provide detailed views of the digestive tract, while endoscopic procedures like colonoscopy allow doctors to directly examine the intestines and take tissue samples (biopsies) if necessary.

What are the treatment options for IBD?

Treatment for IBD focuses on reducing inflammation and managing symptoms to improve quality of life. Medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs, immune system suppressors, and biologics (which target specific components of the immune response) are commonly used. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove damaged sections of the digestive tract. Lifestyle changes, including a healthy diet, stress management, and quitting smoking, can also play a key role in managing the condition. Since each patient’s experience with IBD is unique, treatment plans are tailored to individual needs.

Can IBD affect other parts of the body?

Yes, IBD can sometimes have effects beyond the digestive system. Patients may experience complications such as joint pain, skin conditions, or eye inflammation. Additionally, the chronic nature of the disease can lead to emotional challenges such as anxiety or depression. Comprehensive care, which includes addressing these extraintestinal (outside the intestine) manifestations, is essential to ensure overall well-being.

When should you see a doctor?

If you experience persistent digestive issues, such as ongoing diarrhoea, unexplained weight loss, or severe abdominal pain, it is important to consult a doctor. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Even if you’re unsure whether your symptoms are related to IBD, seeking medical advice is a crucial step towards understanding your health and finding the right care.