An overview of Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological condition that affects movement, balance, and coordination. While it can significantly impact daily life, understanding the disease and available treatments can help those diagnosed to better manage their symptoms and maintain quality of life.

We speak to a leading consultant physician in general and geriatric medicine who provides an overview of Parkinson’s, from symptoms and risk factors to diagnosis and treatment options, offering a helpful guide for patients and their families.

What is Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s disease develops when nerve cells in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra begin to break down or die. These cells produce dopamine, a chemical messenger responsible for controlling smooth and coordinated muscle movements. When dopamine levels drop, it leads to movement-related symptoms commonly associated with Parkinson’s. Although the exact cause is not known, both genetic and environmental factors appear to play a role.

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s disease is characterised by a range of motor symptoms, including tremors (shaking), stiffness, and slowness of movement, referred to as bradykinesia. These symptoms may start on one side of the body and gradually progress. Other motor-related symptoms can include balance issues and a shuffling gait.

In addition to motor symptoms, people with Parkinson’s often experience non-motor symptoms, which can include sleep disturbances, constipation, mood changes, and cognitive challenges such as memory problems. Recognising these symptoms early and seeking medical advice is crucial for effective management.

Who is at risk of developing Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s is more common in people over the age of 60, although early-onset cases can occur in younger adults. Parkinson’s is more prevalent in men than in women. Various risk factors may contribute to its onset, including genetic predispositions; certain genes have been linked to an increased risk. Environmental exposures, such as prolonged contact with certain pesticides or toxins, have also been associated with a higher risk of Parkinson’s, although these factors alone do not guarantee the development of the disease.

How is Parkinson’s disease diagnosed?

Parkinson’s disease cannot be diagnosed through a test. Diagnosis is generally based on a combination of medical history, physical and neurological exams, and the presence of key motor symptoms. In some cases, brain imaging tests like an MRI or a DaTscan may be performed, primarily to rule out other conditions. A trial of Parkinson’s medication may also be administered to see if symptoms improve, which can help confirm a diagnosis.

What treatments are available for Parkinson’s disease?

Although there is no cure, several treatments can help manage Parkinson’s symptoms. The most common medication is Levodopa, often combined with Carbidopa, which helps boost dopamine levels in the brain. Other medications, such as dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors, work to mimic or preserve dopamine and relieve symptoms.

For advanced cases, Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) surgery may be considered. DBS involves placing electrodes in targeted areas of the brain to help control irregular brain activity.  Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy are also essential parts of treatment, as they help with mobility, daily tasks, and speech.

What can be done to manage Parkinson’s on a daily basis?

Daily management strategies can improve quality of life for people with Parkinson’s. Regular exercise, such as walking, swimming, or yoga, has been shown to help with motor function and balance. A balanced diet is important for overall health, and certain nutrients may benefit brain function. Staying connected with family, friends, and support groups is invaluable for emotional well-being, as these connections offer encouragement, advice, and reduce feelings of isolation.

By combining medical treatments with lifestyle adjustments, individuals with Parkinson’s disease can continue to live fulfilling lives despite the challenges they may face.