Atrial fibrillation: All you need to know

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a commonly occurring heart condition, affecting millions of people worldwide. While it can be concerning to receive a diagnosis of AF, understanding the condition is crucial for managing it effectively and maintaining a good quality of life. Distinguished consultant cardiothoracic surgeon Mr Selvaraj Shanmuganathan explores what atrial fibrillation is, its symptoms, causes, and available treatment options.

What is atrial fibrillation?

Atrial fibrillation is a condition affecting the heart's rhythm, where the heartbeat becomes irregular and frequently faster than normal.

Normally, the heart contracts and relaxes in a coordinated rhythm to pump blood throughout the body. However, in AF, the upper chambers of the heart (atria) beat irregularly and out of sync with the lower chambers (ventricles).

What are the principal symptoms of atrial fibrillation?

The symptoms of AF are variable and are dependent on each individual. While some people don’t experience any symptoms, some may experience the following:

• palpitations (a sensation of rapid, fluttering, or pounding heartbeat)
• fatigue
• shortness of breath
• dizziness or lightheadedness
• chest discomfort or pain

It's important to note that some people with AF may only experience symptoms occasionally, while others may have persistent symptoms.

What are the main causes of atrial fibrillation?

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of AF, including:

• Age: AF becomes more common as people get older.
• High blood pressure: Hypertension increases the risk of AF.
• Heart disease: Conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart valve disorders, and congenital heart defects can lead to AF.
• Other medical conditions: Thyroid disorders, sleep apnoea, obesity, and diabetes can all increase the risk of AF.
• Lifestyle factors: Excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and stimulant use (such as caffeine) may trigger AF episodes in some individuals.

Treatment options for atrial fibrillation

The goals of treating AF are to restore a normal heart rhythm, control the heart rate, and reduce the risk of complications such as stroke. Treatment options may include:

• Medications: Drugs such as antiarrhythmics, beta-blockers, and anticoagulants (blood thinners) may be prescribed to manage AF and reduce the risk of blood clots.
• Cardioversion: This procedure uses electrical shocks or medications to restore a normal heart rhythm.
• Catheter ablation: In some cases, a procedure called catheter ablation may be recommended to destroy small areas of heart tissue that are causing abnormal electrical signals.
• Lifestyle changes: Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding excessive alcohol and caffeine, can help manage AF symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.

Atrial fibrillation is a common heart condition that requires careful management to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life. By understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options for AF, patients can work with their healthcare providers to develop a personalised treatment plan that meets their individual needs. If you have any concerns about your heart health or experience symptoms of AF, it's important to seek medical advice promptly.

If you are experiencing atrial fibrillation and would like to book a consultation with Mr Shanmuganathan, do not hesitate to do so by visiting his Top Doctors profile today.