Expert insight: Recognising skin cancer

In this detailed article, highly-respected consultant dermatologist Dr Zeeshaan-Ul Hasan sheds light on the signs of skin cancer to be aware of and when to see a doctor about any changes you notice in lumps, bumps or moles on the skin. The revered specialist also details the risk factors which can make a person more likely to develop skin cancer and the parts of the body which are most commonly affected.

What are the signs of skin cancer?

Skin cancer symptoms can vary based on the type and stage of the disease and can take many forms. Here are some typical skin cancer warning symptoms to watch out for:

• Skin cancer frequently manifests as a new mole or a change in an existing mole. Look for moles that are larger than a rubber on the end of a pencil, have distinct colours or textures, are asymmetrical, have uneven borders or a mole that looks different to other moles you have (the ugly duckling).
• Unusual growths or bumps: Skin cancer can also manifest as an abnormally shaped, usually firm, growth or bump on the skin. If it is painful and growing this is a ‘red flag’ symptom.
• Patches of skin that are red or scaly and that do not heal or go away might also be a sign of skin cancer or pre-cancerous skin changes.
• Sores that don't heal: Non-healing sores or lesions on the skin can be an indication of skin cancer, particularly in places that are exposed to the sun, such as the face and hands.

For diagnosis and treatment, it's crucial to consult a dermatologist or other healthcare professional as soon as you discover any of these symptoms.

Which areas of the body are most commonly affected?

Skin cancer can develop on any part of the body, although certain locations are more prone to it than others. Skin cancer is most typically seen in areas of the body that are regularly exposed to sunlight, such as:

• Face: Skin cancer frequently develops on the nose, lips, ears, and forehead.
• Neck
• Arms and hands
• Legs: Skin cancer is also a danger on the lower legs, especially the calves, because of sun exposure.
• Back: Skin cancer can also develop on the back. This is especially true of men who have spent a lot of time outside without wearing enough sun protection.

The soles of the feet, the palms of the hands, the inside of the mouth, and even the genitalia can all get skin cancer despite not being exposed to the sun. Because of this, it's crucial to regularly self-examine your skin and to visit a dermatologist if you discover any unusual looking moles or growths.

Are some people more likely than others to develop skin cancer?

Yes, there are some risk factors that make some people more susceptible to developing skin cancer than others. The following features can raise a person's chance of getting skin cancer:

• Individuals with fair skin, light-coloured hair, and eyes have less melanin, which offers less protection from the sun's UV rays and increases their chance of developing skin cancer.
• History of sun exposure: Individuals who have been exposed to UV radiation in a major way, such as those who work outside, engage in outdoor activities, or have a history of sunburns, are more likely to acquire skin cancer.
• Family history: Those who have a history of skin cancer in their families are more likely to develop skin cancer.
• Immunosuppression: Skin cancer risk is higher in those with weaker immune systems, such as those who have had organ transplantation or are receiving cancer therapy.
• Age: As you become older, especially after the age of fifty, your chance of having skin cancer rises.
• Specific types of moles: People with a significant number of moles or uncommon moles, such as atypical moles, are at a greater risk of getting melanoma.
• Prior skin cancer diagnosis: Those who have previously been diagnosed with skin cancer are more likely to get it again.

It's important to remember that anybody, regardless of skin complexion or risk factors, can get skin cancer. But, reducing your exposure to UV radiation and regularly checking your skin can help lower your chance of getting skin cancer. Speak with your healthcare practitioner or dermatologist if you have any questions regarding your risk for skin cancer.

When should you see a doctor about a lump, spot or mole?

If you observe any changes in your skin, including the emergence of a new lump, spot, or mole, you should see a doctor or dermatologist immediately. These are some particular warning signs to watch out for that may point to the necessity for a doctor's visit:

• A new mole: It's crucial to have it checked by a doctor if you find a new mole on your skin, especially if it is big or has uneven edges.
• Existing moles that have changed in size, shape, or colour should be checked up by a doctor as they might be an indication of skin cancer.
• Non-healing sores: A doctor ought to be consulted if wounds that don't heal or if wounds reoccur in the same place.
• A lump or bump: Any new lump or bump on the skin, particularly one that is hard and increases over time, should be checked by a doctor.
• Itching or bleeding: You should see a doctor if you notice any itching, bleeding, or crusting in a particular region of your skin since it may be an indication of skin cancer.

It's crucial to remember that successful treatment of skin cancer depends on early diagnosis, so if you see any changes in your skin, consult a doctor or dermatologist at once. To assess if a spot or mole is malignant or benign, your doctor or dermatologist can do a skin examination, biopsy, or other diagnostic tests.

Which tests are used to diagnose skin cancer?

Depending on the type of cancer suspected as well as the location and appearance of the lesion, a variety of tests can be used to determine skin cancer. Here are some of the most common tests used to diagnose skin cancer:

• Skin Inspection: A dermatologist will inspect the skin to look for any abnormal moles or patches. To further closely inspect the lesion, they could use a dermatoscope, a magnification device.
• A skin biopsy is taking a sample of skin tissue and sending it to a lab for microscopic analysis. The majority of skin cancer cases are identified in this manner.
• Imaging examinations: In some circumstances, imaging examinations like X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs may be performed to ascertain whether the cancer has spread to other regions of the body.

Depending on the form and location of the lesion, as well as other elements including the patient's age and general health, the precise test or tests utilised to detect skin cancer will vary. It's crucial to get immediate medical attention from a dermatologist if you think you might have skin cancer or observe any changes in your skin for assessment and diagnosis.

If you are concerned about a lump, bump or mole and wish to schedule a consultation with Dr Hasan, you can do so by visiting his Top Doctors profile.