How can pituitary tumours affect daily life?

Pituitary tumours are abnormal growths that develop in the pituitary gland, a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. This gland plays a crucial role in regulating various hormonal functions in the body. While most pituitary tumours are benign (non-cancerous), their impact on hormone production can lead to significant health issues.

Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for pituitary tumours is essential for managing this condition effectively. Here to help us find out what we need to know about these tumours is revered consultant neurosurgeon, Mr Samih Hassan. 

What causes pituitary tumours?

The exact cause of pituitary tumours remains largely unknown. However, genetic factors and certain hereditary conditions, such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), can increase the risk. In most cases, pituitary tumours develop sporadically without a clear cause.

What are the symptoms of pituitary tumours?

Symptoms of pituitary tumours vary depending on the type and size of the tumour. Tumours that secrete excess hormones can cause specific symptoms related to hormone overproduction.

For instance, prolactin-secreting tumours (prolactinomas) can lead to irregular menstrual periods in women and decreased libido in men. Growth hormone-secreting tumours can cause acromegaly in adults, characterised by enlarged hands and feet, and gigantism in children, leading to excessive growth.

Non-functioning tumours that do not secrete hormones can still cause symptoms due to their size and pressure on surrounding tissues. These symptoms may include headaches, vision problems, and unexplained fatigue.

How are pituitary tumours diagnosed?

Diagnosing pituitary tumours typically involves a combination of imaging tests and blood tests to measure hormone levels. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to visualise the pituitary gland and identify the presence of a tumour. Blood tests can help determine if the tumour is affecting hormone production.

What are the treatment options for pituitary tumours?

Treatment for pituitary tumours depends on the type, size, and symptoms of the tumour. Options include:

1. Medication: For hormone-secreting tumours, medications can help control hormone levels and shrink the tumour.

2. Surgery: Transsphenoidal surgery is a common procedure where the tumour is removed through the nasal passages. This approach is minimally invasive and has a high success rate.

3. Radiation therapy: In cases where surgery is not feasible or the tumour persists after surgery, radiation therapy can help control tumour growth.

How can pituitary tumours affect daily life?

Pituitary tumours can significantly impact a person's quality of life. Hormonal imbalances can lead to various physical and emotional symptoms, requiring ongoing medical management. Regular follow-up with an endocrinologist is essential to monitor hormone levels and adjust treatments as needed.