Understanding hyperthyroidism: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

Hyperthyroidism is a condition characterised by an overactive thyroid gland, leading to excessive production of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism, and their overproduction can result in a variety of symptoms and complications.

Causes 

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid, causing it to become overactive. Other causes include toxic multinodular goitre, where nodules in the thyroid produce excess hormones, and thyroiditis, an inflammation of the thyroid that releases stored hormones into the bloodstream. Rarely, excessive iodine intake or thyroid hormone replacement therapy can also trigger hyperthyroidism.

Symptoms 

Symptoms can vary in severity but often include rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), unexplained weight loss despite increased appetite, nervousness, irritability, sweating, heat intolerance, and tremors. Patients may also experience muscle weakness, hair thinning, and changes in menstrual cycles. In some cases, hyperthyroidism leads to an enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) or eye problems, particularly in Graves’ disease, known as thyroid eye disease.

Diagnosis and treatment

Hyperthyroidism is diagnosed through clinical evaluation, blood tests to measure levels of T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and imaging studies like ultrasound or radioactive iodine uptake tests.

Treatment options depend on the underlying cause, severity, and patient-specific factors. Antithyroid medications such as methimazole or propylthiouracil can reduce hormone production. In cases where medication is insufficient or unsuitable, radioactive iodine therapy is used to destroy overactive thyroid tissue. For severe cases or when other treatments fail, surgical removal of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy) may be recommended.

Long-term outlook

With appropriate treatment and regular monitoring, most people with hyperthyroidism can manage their symptoms effectively. However, untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to serious complications like heart problems, osteoporosis, or a life-threatening condition called thyroid storm. Early diagnosis and individualisned care are critical for optimal outcomes, ensuring patients regain a balanced and healthy thyroid function.