Understanding the causes of piles: Why they happen and how to avoid them

Piles, or haemorrhoids, are swollen veins in the rectum or anus that can cause discomfort, pain, and itching. They are a common condition, especially among adults, but understanding their causes can help you take proactive steps to prevent them. Below, we explore why piles develop and what you can do to minimise your risk.

What are the common causes of piles?

Piles occur when there is increased pressure in the veins of the rectum or anus, leading to swelling and irritation. Several factors contribute to this condition, including:

• Straining during bowel movements: This is one of the most common causes. Straining puts excess pressure on the veins in the anal area.
• Chronic constipation or diarrhoea: Both conditions can irritate the veins and lead to piles over time.
• Prolonged sitting: Spending extended periods on the toilet or sitting for long hours at work can increase rectal pressure.
• Pregnancy: The increased weight and hormonal changes during pregnancy can put additional pressure on the veins.
• Obesity: Extra body weight adds strain to the lower rectum, increasing the likelihood of developing piles.
• Low-fibre diet: A diet lacking fibre often leads to constipation, which increases the risk of straining.
• Heavy lifting: Frequently lifting heavy objects without proper technique can strain the abdominal and rectal muscles.

How can you avoid developing piles?

Preventing piles involves making lifestyle changes to address the common causes. Below are some practical tips:

Adopt a fibre-rich diet

Eating a diet high in fibre can help regulate bowel movements and prevent constipation, a major risk factor for piles. Fibre softens stools, making them easier to pass. Include:

• Fruits and vegetables
• Whole grains
• Nuts, seeds, and legumes

Stay hydrated

Drinking plenty of water helps keep stools soft and prevents straining during bowel movements. Aim for at least 6–8 glasses of water daily.

Avoid prolonged sitting or straining

• Don’t sit on the toilet for long periods, as this increases rectal pressure.
• When using the toilet, avoid straining and try to relax your muscles to pass stools naturally.

Exercise regularly

Physical activity improves digestion and circulation, which can reduce the likelihood of constipation and piles. Activities like walking, swimming, and yoga are particularly beneficial.

Maintain a healthy weight

Losing excess weight reduces pressure on the rectal veins, decreasing your risk of piles.

Respond to bowel urges promptly

Delaying a bowel movement can cause stools to harden, leading to straining. Go to the toilet as soon as you feel the urge.

What habits should you avoid?

Certain habits can increase your risk of piles. Try to avoid:

• A sedentary lifestyle: Lack of movement slows digestion and increases constipation.
• Heavy lifting: If unavoidable, use proper lifting techniques to avoid excessive strain on the abdominal muscles.
• Dehydration: Not drinking enough fluids can make stools harder and more difficult to pass.
• Overuse of laxatives: These can irritate the bowel and create dependency, which can worsen symptoms.

Can piles be prevented entirely?

While it may not always be possible to prevent piles, particularly if they are linked to factors like pregnancy or genetics, adopting a healthy lifestyle significantly lowers your risk. Key prevention strategies include eating a balanced diet, staying active and avoiding prolonged sitting.

If you experience persistent symptoms or complications, it’s important to consult a doctor for further evaluation and treatment options. Addressing the causes early can help you avoid discomfort and improve your overall quality of life.