What to expect from a coronary angioplasty?

Coronary angioplasty, often referred to as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), is a medical procedure used to treat narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. These arteries supply blood to the heart muscle, and when they become obstructed, it can lead to chest pain (angina) or even heart attacks. In his latest online article, Dr Andrew Vanezis aims to provide an overview of coronary angioplasty to help you understand its purpose, process, and what to expect if you undergo this procedure. 

What is coronary angioplasty?

Coronary angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure designed to open up blocked or narrowed coronary arteries. During this procedure, a thin tube called a catheter, which has a small balloon at its tip, is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the wrist. The catheter is then guided to the affected coronary artery. Once in place, the balloon is inflated, compressing the plaque against the artery wall and restoring blood flow to the heart muscle. Usually, a metallic scaffold with specialised active drug component called a drug eluting stent is placed thereafter to maintain vessel patency.

Why is coronary angioplasty needed?

Coronary angioplasty is typically recommended for patients with significant coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD occurs when fatty deposits, known as plaques, build up on the artery walls, causing them to narrow. This can restrict blood flow and lead to symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. In severe cases, a blocked artery can result in a heart attack. Angioplasty helps alleviate these symptoms and reduce the risk of heart attacks by improving blood flow.

The procedure

1. Preparation: Before the procedure, you will undergo various tests such as blood tests, an electrocardiogram (ECG), and possibly a coronary angiogram, which involves injecting dye into the arteries to visualise the blockage on X-ray images.

2. During the procedure: You will be given a local anaesthetic to numb the area where the catheter will be inserted. You might also be given sedative to help you relax. The cardiologist will then thread the catheter through your blood vessels to the heart, usually via the wrist. Once the balloon is in place, it is inflated to compress the plaque and widen the artery. In many cases, a stent is also placed in the artery to keep it open.

3. Post-procedure care: After the angioplasty, you will be monitored for a few hours or overnight. It’s normal to feel some discomfort at the catheter insertion site. Most patients can resume normal activities within a few days, although your doctor will provide specific recommendations based on your condition.

Benefits and risks

Coronary angioplasty offers several benefits, including immediate relief from chest pain and improved ability to perform daily activities. Nevertheless, as is the case with all medical procedures, there are associated risks. These can include bleeding at the catheter insertion site, artery re-narrowing (restenosis), and, in rare cases, heart attack or stroke. Your cardiologist will discuss these risks with you in detail before the procedure.

Understanding the basics of coronary angioplasty can help alleviate some of the anxiety associated with the procedure. If you have any further questions or concerns, don’t hesitate to speak with your healthcare provider.

Dr Andrew Vanezis is an esteemed cardiologist. You can schedule an appointment with Dr Vanezis on his Top Doctors profile.