What is analysed?

The PCA3 (prostate cancer antigen 3) gene is a gene that encodes a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) molecule found in prostate cells. PCA3 is very expressed (active) in prostate cancer cells compared to normal prostate tissue.

The PCA3 test measures the level of PCA3 mRNA in prostate cells collected from a urine sample. The PCA3 gene's specificity for prostate cancer cells makes it a valuable tool in distinguishing between benign prostate conditions and prostate cancer. 

What does the result mean?

The result provides a numerical score representing the ratio of PCA3 mRNA to PSA mRNA (prostate-specific antigen mRNA). The PCA3 score obtained from the test can help in making decisions regarding the need for further diagnostic procedures, such as prostate biopsy.

Why conduct the analysis?

The PCA3 test is conducted to assess the need for repeating a negative biopsy in cases of strong suspicion of prostate cancer.

When to conduct the analysis?

The PCA3 test is conducted when a man has high PSA levels in the blood and/or an abnormal rectal examination, along with one or more previous negative biopsies.

What sample is required?

A urine sample is required, as prostate cells are discharged into the urine. The sample should have been taken immediately after a rectal examination.

Is any prior preparation necessary?

No prior preparation is necessary.

How is it performed?

The sample is sent to a laboratory, where it is processed to isolate prostate cells and analysed using molecular techniques to detect and quantify the level of PCA3 mRNA in the sample.

What are the normal values?

There is no universally accepted cut-off value for normal and abnormal PCA3 scores. Interpretation of PCA3 scores varies among different laboratories. However, higher PCA3 scores (above a certain threshold) are generally considered indicative of an increased risk of prostate cancer, while lower scores indicate a lower risk.

What does having altered values mean?

• Elevated PCA3 scores: Higher PCA3 scores suggest an increased likelihood of prostate cancer, particularly aggressive forms of the disease. Further evaluation, such as prostate biopsy, may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis and determine appropriate management.
• Low PCA3 scores: Lower PCA3 scores are associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer. However, a low PCA3 score doesn’t completely rule out the possibility of prostate cancer, as other factors such as PSA levels and DRE findings also contribute to the overall risk assessment.